Raspberry Pi 2 Model B Version 1.1 – одноплатный компьютер второго поколения на базе однокристальной системе Broadcom BCM2836 с четырьмя ядрами ARMv7 Cortex-A7 частотой 900 МГц и GPU Broadcom VideoCore IV 250 МГц, оперативная память SDRAM LPDDR2 на 1 ГБ, что в два раза больше, чем у Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+. Внешне Raspberry Pi 2 Model B мало чем отличается от Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+.
В данной модели изменился только процессор (был BCM2835, стал BCM2836) и объём памяти, остаются прежними полноразмерный HDMI, 10/100 Ethernet, порты дисплея MIPI DSI (Display Serial Interface) и видеокамеры 15-pin MIPI CSI-2 (Camera Serial Interface), комбинированный 3.5 мм аудио разъем и композитное видео, двухконтактный разъем RUN для сброса, 40-пиновый разъем GPIO, среди которых имеются интерфейсы SPI, I²C, UART.
Питание Raspberry Pi 2 Model B осуществляется от 5-вольтового адаптера через разъём micro-USB или пины питания. Рекомендуем использовать источник питания с силой тока 2 А.
Raspberry Pi работает в основном на операционных системах, основанных на Linux ядре: Android, Arch Linux ARM, openSUSE, Gentoo Linux, Raspbian, CentOS, Fedora, Ubuntu MATE, Kali Linux, Ubuntu Core. Также возможна установка Windows 10 IOT (ОС бесплатная), RISC OS Pi, FreeBSD, NetBSD и др..
В октябре 2016-го года была представлена модель Raspberry Pi 2 Model B Version 1.2 на базе однокристальной системе (SoC) Broadcom BCM2837 с четырьмя 64-битными ядрами ARMv8-A Cortex-A53 с тактовой частотой 900 МГц.
Основные характеристики
- Version 1.1: SoC Broadcom BCM2836;
Version 1.2: SoC Broadcom BCM2837; - Version 1.1: Процессор 32-битный четырехъядерный ARMv7-A Cortex-A7 с тактовой частотой 900 МГц;
Version 1.2: Процессор 64-битный четырехъядерный ARMv8-A Cortex-A53 с тактовой частотой 900 МГц; - Графический 2-ядерный сопроцессор Video Core IV® Multimedia;
- Память на 1ГБ LPDDR2 SDRAM;
- Ethernet.
Доступные операционные системы
ОС: Raspbian Jessie with desktop
Скачать файл: 2017-07-05-raspbian-jessie.zip
ОС: Raspbian Jessie Lite
Скачать файл: 2017-07-05-raspbian-jessie-lite.zip
ОС: Ubuntu MATE 16.04.2 LTS for Raspberry Pi 2 and 3 systems.
Скачать файл: ubuntu-mate-16.04.2-desktop-armhf-raspberry-pi.img.xz
ОС: Ubuntu Core 16 image for Raspberry Pi 2
Скачать файл: ubuntu-core-16-pi2.img.xz
ОС: OSMC Raspberry Pi 2 / 3
Скачать файл: OSMC_TGT_rbp2_20170705.img.gz
ОС: OSMC Raspberry Pi 2 / 3
Скачать файл: OSMC_TGT_rbp2_20170615.img.gz
ОС: OSMC Raspberry Pi 2 / 3
Скачать файл: OSMC_TGT_rbp2_20170504.img.gz
ОС: OSMC Raspberry Pi 2 / 3
Скачать файл: OSMC_TGT_rbp2_20170322.img.gz
ОС: OSMC Raspberry Pi 2 / 3
Скачать файл: OSMC_TGT_rbp2_20170210.img.gz
ОС: OSMC Raspberry Pi 2 / 3
Скачать файл: OSMC_TGT_rbp2_20170129.img.gz
ОС: LibreELEC Raspberry Pi v2 and Raspberry Pi v3
Скачать файл: LibreELEC-RPi2.arm-8.0.2.img.gz
ОС: RISC OS — Raspberry Pi
Скачать файл: riscos-2017-04-13.15.zip
ОС: Raspbian image for the Raspberry Pi Oracle Weather Station
Скачать файл: WeatherStation.zip
ОС: Android Things
Скачать файл: androidthings_rpi3_devpreview_4_1.zip
ОС: Android 7.0 Nougat
Скачать файл: and7rpi2016-08-25.img.tar.bz2
ОС: Windows 10 IoT Core
Скачать файл: 14393.0.160715-1616.rs1_release_amd64fre_IOTCORE_RPi.iso (Windows_10_IoT_Core_for_RPi2.msi)
Технические характеристики Raspberry Pi 2 Model B
Система на кристалле (SoC) |
Version 1.1: Broadcom BCM2836 (CPU + GPU) Version 1.2: Broadcom BCM2837 (CPU + GPU) |
Процессор |
Version 1.1: 32-битный четырехъядерный ARMv7-A Cortex-A7 с тактовой частотой 900 МГц, 16 КБ cache L1 и 256 КБ cache L2 Version 1.2: 64-битный четырехъядерный ARMv8-A Cortex-A53 с тактовой частотой 900 МГц, 16 КБ cache L1 и 512 КБ cache L2 |
Графический процессор | Двухъядерный процессор (GPU) VideoCore IV® с тактовой частотой 250 МГц поддерживает стандарты OpenGL ES 2.0, OpenVG, MPEG-2, VC-1 и способен кодировать, декодировать и выводить Full HD-видео (1080p, 30 FPS, H.264 High-Profil) |
ОЗУ | 1 ГБ SDRAM LPDDR2 900 МГц EDB8132B4PB-8D-F (совместно с GPU) |
Хранилище | слот для карты памяти MicroSDHC, USB Boot Mode |
Дата выхода | Version 1.1: февраль 2015 Version 1.2: октябрь 2016 |
Целевая цена (USD) | $35 |
Ethernet | 10/100 Мбит с выходом на стандартное гнездо 8P8C (RJ45) (контроллер LAN9514-JZX — USB 2.0 Hub и 10/100 Ethernet) |
Видео вход | 1 x CSI-2 для подключения камеры по интерфейсу MIPI |
Видео выход | 1 x HDMI 1.3a (CEC) 1 x DSI (Display Serial Interface) для подключения штатного дисплея; 1 x композитный видеовыход (CVBS видео, PAL и NTSC) 3.5 мм разъем |
Аудио вход | Через I²S |
Аудио выход | гнездо 3.5 мм, HDMI |
USB-порты | 4 порта USB 2.0 через USB hub в LAN9514-JZX |
Периферия | 40 портов ввода-вывода общего назначения (GPIO), UART (Serial), I²C/TWI, SPI с селектором между двумя устройствами; пины питания: 3,3 В, 5 В и земля. |
Питание | 5 В, 2 А через порт micro-USB или GPIO |
Энергопотребление | 220 мА (1.1 Вт) в среднем (режиме ожидания), 820 мА (4.1 Вт) максимум, в условиях стресса (монитор, клавиатура и мышь подключены) |
Размеры | 85.6 мм x 56.5 мм x 17 мм |
Вес | 45 г |
ОС | Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, Arch Linux, Gentoo, RISC OS, Android, Firefox OS, NetBSD, FreeBSD, Slackware, Tiny Core Linux, Windows 10 IOT |
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How a pigskin implant helps breast cancer patients keep their curves
By ANGELA BROOKS
Updated: 09:29 GMT, 9 August 2011
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Jadi Ryan is a giggly young woman who takes great pride in her appearance and is thrilled to bits with the results of the first stage of her boob job.
But hers is poles apart from the breast enlargement surgery so beloved by WAGs and Hollywood starlets.
A year ago, 23-year-old Jadi was diagnosed with breast cancer.
Jadi Ryan, 23, had a breast reconstruction after a mastectomy — thanks to a new technique using pigskin
She has since undergone two courses of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone treatment and mastectomy of her left breast.
‘I was in total shock when the surgeon told me the lump in my breast was cancerous,’ says Jadi, a credit controller for L’Oreal, from Bingham, Notts.
‘My dad was with me and he burst out crying. All these thoughts rushed through my head, that I was going to die.
‘Then the next day when the surgeon said I’d lose my breast, I was devastated. Your breasts are so much a part of your femininity.’
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But today, Jadi feels and looks just like the youthful, pretty girl she is — thanks to a pioneering new breast reconstruction technique for cancer patients, using pigskin.
Breast reconstruction after mastectomy can be carried out either with implants or by taking skin and fat from anywhere there’s surplus — typically the abdomen, buttocks or back — to tailor a new breast.
The latter produces a soft breast that will age with the patient, but a drawback of these complex techniques is that patients are left with a significant scar from where the spare tissue was taken, meaning a longer recovery time too.
So having an artificial implant after a mastectomy is the simplest solution, with shorter recovery times.
However, a major shortcoming is that all too often patients are disappointed with the cosmetic result — many are left with a pert, high breast without much droop and which does not match the unaffected side.
This is a particular problem in middle-aged and older women — the group most likely to be affected by breast cancer.
That’s because all breast implants need a covering of tissue and skin over them to help anchor them in position and to provide a more natural look — and unfortunately most of this is removed if mastectomy is necessary.
Jadi is now three-quarters of the way through her treatment
In this new technique, normal implants are still used to rebuild the breast, but the pigskin graft works like an internal bra, cradling the implant and allowing some of the natural droop of a normal breast.
Not only that, but some women will be able to have their reconstruction done in an all-in-one operation, rather than the two ops normally needed.
The graft, known as the Strattice graft, is pigskin stripped of all pig cells, so that the body doesn’t reject it.
It was first developed for use in general surgery such as hernia repairs and breast reconstruction in the U.S. and was granted approval for use in Europe in 2008.
Later that year the first pigskin breast reconstruction was carried out in the UK. To date, 1,200 patients in the UK have had their breasts reconstructed in this way.
Traditionally, since mastectomy patients have had most of the tissue removed from the breast, surgeons have had to devise other ways to cover and anchor breast implants, explains breast surgeon Tracey Irvine at Royal Surrey County Hospital in Guildford.
Typically they stretch the chest (or pectoral) muscle, by placing a saline breast implant underneath it then topping up the implant by injecting more saline through the skin into a valve in the implant.
This also stretches out the skin so that two months later both tissue and skin are roomy enough. Then, in a second operation, the saline implant is swapped for a permanent silicone implant.
However, the pectoral muscle isn’t big enough to provide enough slack for a natural droop, so often the breast mound ends up full and bulbous at the top and flatter at the bottom — ‘exactly the opposite to the natural breast line’, says Ms Irvine.
‘Before we had this pigskin, we also often had to carry out balancing procedures on the unaffected breast to match the newly reconstructed one, and the very last thing patients want is to have surgery on a breast that doesn’t need it.’
With the pigskin reconstruction, the lower part of the pectoral muscle is teased off the ribs and the pigskin tissue — which looks like thick, white rice paper — is stitched to the bottom edge of the muscle.
Next, the implant is inserted and the muscle and pigskin is pulled down so it covers the implant completely; finally, the patient’s skin is drawn down and stitched to where the breast fold will be.
‘This gives us a reconstructed breast which sits lower in the chest, giving it a nice curve and making it a much better match to the other breast,’ says Ms Irvine.
Douglas Macmillan, who performed Jadi’s surgery at Nottingham City Hospital, adds: ‘Over time, the pigskin will be indistinguishable from the patient’s own tissue — it will relax and stretch as does normal, healthy, human skin.’
In this new technique, normal implants are still used to rebuild the breast, but the pigskin graft works like an internal bra, cradling the implant and allowing some of the natural droop of a normal breast
A clinical report from doctors at Birmingham City Hospital in 2009 showed that six months after reconstructing a breast with the graft, the patients’ own blood vessels had grown into the pigskin.
Another significant bonus is that because the pigskin provides extra muscle to cover the implant, there’s no need to stretch it using the initial saline implant. So some patients can have just one operation.
However some, like Jadi, still need to have two operations because she had radiotherapy, which toughens and shrinks the skin.
This means she still needs to have an initial ‘expander’ saline implant and injections to stretch the skin so it can cover the proper implant.
Angela Hughes, 41, needed just one operation, despite having implants put in both her breasts following a double mastectomy. She’d tested positive for a mutation in the BRCA2 gene, which she was told gave her an 80 per cent chance of getting breast cancer.
‘I have a very strong family history of breast cancer,’ she says.
‘My grandmother, mother and aunts all have it, so when I was told by the doctors at Bradford Royal Infirmary that I could lower my risk to 10 per cent by having both breasts removed, I knew I had to do it.
‘I’ve seen what my mother and aunt had gone through with breast cancer and I felt my breasts were ticking time bombs.
‘The breast surgeon at the hospital told me he planned to use this pigskin graft and my immediate response was I didn’t fancy that. But the alternative was having fat transferred from another part of my body — more complex surgery — and I just wanted to get on with my life and put this behind me.
‘One thing I told him was that I wanted him to get my reconstructed breasts as close to my natural breasts as he could.
‘He said the advantage of using the pigskin was that it offered the best chance of doing that, because it allows you to get some droop, which makes it much more natural-looking.
‘He’s done a marvellous job. I have scars in the breast fold — but they aren’t noticeable.’
However, a major drawback of the Strattice graft is the price tag — £1,800 for an 8-16cm piece (the amount needed for the average breast reconstruction).
Advocates say that savings will be made by hospitals on one-step procedures, shorter hospital stays and speedier recovery times, which makes it value for money in the longer term.
Yet while 94 NHS trusts nationwide now use it in breast reconstruction, some trusts say it’s unaffordable.
Nevertheless, more trusts are likely to approve its use in certain unusual circumstances such as those of Angela and Jadi — who is very young to have developed breast cancer.
Jadi is now three-quarters of the way through her treatment. She has had the pigskin implanted and is now set for surgery to have her final silicone implant in December.
‘It’s been a rollercoaster year for me. I had long, strawberry blonde hair, which defined me really. Losing that because of the chemotherapy and my breast too was traumatic.
‘But now I look at my breast and it looks just like the other one and I’m sure it will be better still after my second operation.
‘I thought my body would never look the same again, but now I’m looking forward to getting on with my life.’
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