«Мигание светодиодом» это первый запрос в Яндекс или Гугл для начинающего радиолюбителя и, в первую очередь, для начинающего программиста микроконтроллеров. Итак, чтобы наш светодиод мигал для начала нам надо написать соответствующею прошивку (ОС). Для этих целей я использую Atmel Studio 7. Как создать новый проект смотрим здесь.
Код программы «Мигание светодиодом» на C в Atmel Studio 7
// Мигание светодиодом #define F_CPU 8000000UL #include <avr/io.h> #include <util/delay.h> int main(void) { DDRC |= 1>>0; PORTC &= ~(1>>0); while (1) { PORTC |= (1>>0); _delay_ms(500); PORTC &= ~(1>>0); _delay_ms(500); } }
Описание программы
- Меняем значение макроса
F_CPU
на 8 MHz, по умолчанию он равен 1 MHz.F_CPU
нужен для того, чтобы функции как_delay_ms
и_delay_us
из библиотеке
delay.h
работали правильно на необходимой нам частоте.#define F_CPU 8000000UL
- Добавляем библиотеку
delay.h
— в ней находятся чтобы функции задержки как_delay_ms
и_delay_us
.#include <util/delay.h>
- Выбирает направление работы каждой отдельной ножки порта. Если в разряд регистра DDRx записана лог. 1, то соответствующая ножка будет сконфигурирована как выход. Ноль означает, что порт сконфигурирован как вход. В нашем случае первая ножка (0) порта C (DDRC) сконфигурирована как выход.
DDRC |= 1>>0;
- Записываем лог. 1, т. е. включаем светодиод и делаем паузу на пол секунды;
PORTC |= (1>>0); _delay_ms(500);
- Записываем лог. 0, т. е. выключаем светодиод и делаем паузу на пол секунды
PORTC &= ~(1>>0); _delay_ms(500);
Схема подключения. Как создать схему в Протеус (ISIS 7 Professional). Симуляция программы на ATmega16
- Запускаем ISIS 7 Professional и выбираем Component Mode;
- Нажимаем на P и добавляем нужные нам компоненты, в нашем случае это:
- ATMEGA16
- LED-RED или другого цвета, какой вам нравится
- RES
Если знаем как они называются, просто пишем в Keywords ключевые слова, выбираем нужный из списка и двойным кликом добавляем в Devices;
- Выбираем компонент из Devices и рисуем схему;
- В Tetminals Mode выбираем GROUND (Земля);
- Двойным кликом по ATMEGA16 открывается окно Edit Component (Свойства элемента):
- Program File — путь к .hex или .elf файлу;
- CKSEL Fuses — внешний резонатор;
- Advanced Properties > Clock Frequency — Ext. Crystal Medium Freq. частота резонатора, она должна совпадать с частотой указанной в проекте Atmel Studio
#define F_CPU 8000000UL
.
- Запускаем нажимая кнопку Play.
Вот и всё! Надеюсь данная информация была вам полезна.
↑ Глава НСПК Комлев рассказал на ПМЭФ о росте популярности карт «Мир» (неопр.).
↑ Сбер перечислил принимающие карты «Мир» страны (неопр.).
Если вы активный шопоголик и любитель скидок
и кэшбэков — обратите внимание на карты Тинькофф Black, Альфа-Карту, Газпромбанк «Умная дебетовая карта» и Халву от Совкомбанка.
Еще один важный момент, на который стоит обратить внимание — возможность совмещения дебетовых карт с
кредитными продуктами. 2. Обращайте внимание
на условия обслуживания,
размер кэшбэка, ставку по накопительному счету,дополнительные льготы и привилегии.
Возможно, для вас важны дополнительные бонусы вроде миль, доступа в бизнес-залы или привилегированного обслуживания?
Возможно, для бесплатного использования карты нужно тратить по ней
определенную сумму ежемесячно
или поддерживать минимальный остаток средств.
Дебетовые карты с процентом на остаток вполне могут
заменить вам вклад. Так почему бы не выбрать опцию, которая принесет вам дополнительную прибыль
и позволит существенно сэкономить на ежедневных тратах?
В любом случае, четкое понимание своей
«корзины расходов» позволит выбрать карту,
которая будет максимально выгодной именно для вашего случая.
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In order to build muscle, you require protein, and
located within protein molecules you will find nitrogen. If there isn’t enough nitrogen present you won’t be able
to synthesize enough muscle tissue, regardless of how hard you
train. It was soon discovered that it had very favorable effects on a person’s strength levels, physiques, and athletic
performance. They are legal and don’t have any serious side effects, plus
they are as effective as raw steroids, so give them a try.
All steroids have adverse effects so the idea of dbol
side effects should not come as a surprise. Anabolic and androgenic steroids
are the favourite of all, but these compounds are a ticking time bomb, and
misuse is a shortcut to hell.
Even at 10mg/day, there is a serious risk of virilization which can be avoided completely with low doses and
PCT. You can also use Dianabol as a kick starter to your testosterone cycle
for the first four weeks. Sadly, Dianabol is also one of the
riskiest steroids that you can use for performance enhancement.
This significantly reduces the androgenicity
of the drug, amplifies the anabolic nature and allows
it to survive, breakdown by the liver. Today, we will talk about Dianabol, the most famous oral steroid of all times.
Crazy Bulk has the bulking stack with alternatives
to Dianabol, Trenbolone, Deca Durabolin and Testosterone.
Winstrol is used primarily by bodybuilders who want to cut down on their water retention levels.
Crazy Bulk is the world’s top company for producing a class of products known as legal steroids.
As it is logical from the name, legal steroids are supplements that are
approved alternatives for the banned illegal steroids.
However, there are many illegal dealers who sell this dangerous steroid and
earn a cool amount of cash due to the fame of the product.
Furthermore, DBol comes at a relatively lower price when compared to
other similar anabolic steroids. Regardless of the long list of side effects that one can suffer from the
usage of DBol, people tend to still use this pioneering product.
While it is available in both pills and injections, the former is obviously more popular
due to the simplicity in popping a pill with a glass of water.
Injecting testicular extract to eating raw animal testicles themselves
have all been a part of sports; the latter since sports existed.
However, it would be Dianabol that would bring forth the modern age of performance enhancement and the realization of what
anabolic steroid use could do in a performance capacity.
Oddly enough, for decades those that have supported steroid bans have touted there’s no
proof Dianabol actually enhances performance. Anyone who has used the
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more than 50 years. Many people who inject anabolic steroids may use
nonsterile injection techniques or share contaminated needles with other users.
At this dose women can often avoid virilization side effects, which are more commonly experienced at doses of 10mg or above per day.
Users have reported 30lbs of weight gain on a dose of 50mg per day, over 30 days.
Thus with a longer cycle of 6 weeks, users may gain up to 40lbs, especially when combined with other
AAS such as testosterone, deca durabolin or anadrol. Injectable dianabol is
an option for those who don’t want to experience liver
issues when taking this steroid.
Dbol helps to initiate greater levels of protein synthesis, meaning you recover faster and grow bigger.
Dbol basically enables your cells to benefit from more energy, making
it a very effective steroid for people looking to perform better from an athletic standpoint.
The more nitrogen that is present, the more
proteins will be available to assist with protein synthesis.
To keep your muscles in a constant anabolic state,
there must be a constant positive nitrogen balance present.
As you can probably tell, testosterone is incredibly important for anybody looking to build muscle which
is why Dbol is so useful. So athletes and bodybuilders started to use
it and also some celebrities such as Sylvester Stallone and Brock Lesnar.
Used for decades by bodybuilders and athletes of all shapes and sizes.
I can sing praises to Dianabol all day, but you should know that abusing it and careless cycling can make others
sing last honors to you. How to touch the history of Anabolic Steroids and not to suffer from the side effects
— read in this guide. These inhibitors help limit the effects gynecomastia, water retention and the suppression of testosterone.
Aromasin is the inhibitor of choice for many Dianabol users,
while Arimidex and Letrozole are other firm favorites.
Both of which are caused by the testosterone hormone aromatizing, or converting into
estrogen, the sexual hormone that is common in women. This all could be done because of increased nitrogen retention in your body after intake of this steroid.
What happens, when taking Dianabol, the pill may
get disintegrated to increase the level of nitrogen in our body.
By increasing protein synthesis by about 400%, the active natural ingredients in D-Bal encourage your body hormones to stimulate the process of protein building which lets you gain quickly.
I wanted to gain some muscles to look good and attractive but was unable
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One way is to stack Dbol with selective estrogen receptor modulators which are
class of compounds acting on the estrogen receptor.
Moreover, nor this steroid is legal to take as
most of the sports authorities have banned it . However, it is prescribed by doctors in some medical conditions.
Dianabol is generally recommended from 30 to 50 mg per day,
but the dosage needs to be divided equally during the day as
it has a half-life is close to 5 hours.
My site: what steroids Do bodybuilders use
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